Which is An Example of A Situation Where Deferential Vulnerability Might Be A Factor?
A. A college professor recruiting among his students
B. An army medical officer recruiting subjects among lower ranks
C. A physician recruiting his patients
D. An employer recruiting among persons who directly report to him.
Correct Answer: C. A physician recruiting his patients
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Which is true of inducements in research?
A. Like coercion, undue inducement is easy for IRBs to determine.
B. Inducements, like coercion, are always inappropriate, as they violate the ethical principle of respect for persons.
C. Inducements constitute an “undue influence” if they alter a potential subject’s decision-making processes, such that they do not appropriately weigh the risk-benefit relationship of the research.
D. Offering $10 for an hour-long research study constitutes undue inducement.
Correct Answer: C. Inducements constitute an “undue influence” if they alter a potential subject’s decision-making processes, such that they do not appropriately weigh the risk-benefit relationship of the research.
Assessing vulnerability risk and benefit
Assessing vulnerability risks and benefits involve analyzing the potential risks and benefits associated with a particular situation or decision, and determining the degree of vulnerability that individuals or groups may experience as a result.
There are several key factors to consider when assessing vulnerability risk and benefit, including:
- Exposure: How much exposure do individuals or groups have to potential risks or benefits? This can be influenced by a variety of factors, such as physical proximity, social networks, or access to information.
- Susceptibility: How vulnerable are individuals or groups to potential risks or benefits? This can be influenced by factors such as age, health status, socioeconomic status, or prior experiences.
- Severity: What is the potential severity of the risks or benefits? This can be influenced by factors such as the magnitude of the potential impact, the likelihood of the event occurring, or the duration of the impact.
- Mitigation: What measures can be taken to mitigate the potential risks or enhance the potential benefits? This can include strategies such as protective equipment, education and training, or social support networks.
- Trade-offs: What are the potential trade-offs between risks and benefits? For example, a particular decision may offer significant benefits to one group, but may also increase vulnerability for another group.
Vulnerability due to climate change
Climate change is increasingly recognized as a major threat to human vulnerability, as it can exacerbate existing risks and introduce new ones. Some of the key ways in which climate change can increase vulnerability include:
- Extreme weather events: Climate change can lead to more frequent and severe extreme weather events such as hurricanes, floods, droughts, and wildfires. These events can have devastating impacts on communities and infrastructure, and can lead to displacement, food insecurity, and other forms of vulnerability.
- Rising sea levels: As global temperatures rise, glaciers and ice caps are melting, leading to rising sea levels. This can threaten coastal communities and infrastructure, and can exacerbate flooding during storms.
- Changes in temperature and precipitation patterns: Climate change can also lead to changes in temperature and precipitation patterns, which can impact agriculture and water availability. This can increase vulnerability to food insecurity, especially in developing countries where agriculture is a key source of livelihood.
Waiver of parental permission childrens assent
The waiver of parental permission and the requirement for children’s assent are two separate issues, but they are often related in the context of research involving minors.
In general, researchers are required to obtain informed consent from participants, including minors. However, in some cases, it may not be possible or appropriate to obtain parental permission. For example, if the research involves sensitive or stigmatized topics, such as sexual behavior or drug use, parental permission may not be feasible or may put the child at risk of harm.
In such cases, researchers may request a waiver of parental permission from an institutional review board (IRB) or ethics committee, which will review the proposed research and determine whether the waiver is justified.
Even when parental permission is waived, researchers are still required to obtain the assent of the child participant, which means that they must explain the study to the child in a way that is age-appropriate and ensure that the child understands what is being asked of them. The child must also agree to participate voluntarily, without coercion or undue influence.
The NBAC looks at characteristics individuals
The National Bioethics Advisory Commission (NBAC) was a US government commission that was active from 1995 to 2001. It was established to advise the federal government on ethical issues related to biomedical research and to ensure that scientific advances were made in a socially responsible manner.
One of the areas that the NBAC focused on was the characteristics of individuals who participate in research studies. The commission recognized that certain groups, such as children, pregnant women, and people with cognitive or mental disabilities, may be vulnerable to exploitation or harm in research studies, and that special protections may be needed to ensure that their rights and welfare are protected.
In its report, “Ethical and Policy Issues in Research Involving Human Participants,” the NBAC outlined several recommendations to address these issues, including:
- Informed consent: The NBAC recommended that researchers obtain informed consent from all study participants, regardless of their characteristics, and that they ensure that the consent process is appropriate for the individual’s age, language, and cognitive abilities.
- Special protections: The NBAC recommended that extra protections be put in place for certain vulnerable groups, such as pregnant women and children, to ensure that they are not subjected to undue risks or harms.
- Community involvement: The NBAC recommended that researchers engage with the communities where the research is taking place, to ensure that the research is relevant and responsive to their needs, and that they help to address any concerns or misunderstandings.
An example of an institutional COI is: An industry sponsor pays for the construction of a new research laboratory at the organization. The COI management plan aims to: Accurately describe the potential conflicts in writing. An example of an individual financial COI is: could be a researcher who owns stock in a pharmaceutical company and is conducting clinical trials for that company’s drug. The researcher’s financial interest in the success of the drug could potentially influence their behavior, such as selectively reporting data or interpreting results in a way that favors the drug’s efficacy or safety.
This could lead to a biased outcome that benefits the researcher’s financial interest at the expense of the research participants, the scientific community, or the public. To avoid this conflict of interest, researchers are typically required to disclose their financial interests and may be required to recuse themselves from research activities or decision-making related to their financial interests.